1	WAR For a hundred years prior to 1914 no major war in which all, or majority of European powers involved. Crimean War (1854-1856): Russia vs. Britain and France. American Civil War. 1871-1914: height of imperial expansion, modern industrial capitalism, military technology revolution.
2	WAR 1815-1914: no world wars, no wars outside immediate region of individual European countries. Except colonial wars. “Such exotic conflicts were the stuff of adventure literature or the reports of that mid-nineteenth-century innovation the war correspondent.” Winston Churchill. Mexican Revol. Boer War.
3	Omdurman, 1898 Winston Churchill: The mind was fascinated by the impending horror. I could see it coming. In a few seconds swift destruction would rush on these brave men. The infantrymen fired steadily and stolidly, without hurry or excitement, for the enemy were far away…Besides, the soldiers were interested in the work and took great pains. But presently the mere physical act became tedious. The rifles became hot--so hot they had to be exchanged for those of the the reserve companies. The Maxim guns exhausted all the water in their jackets…The empty cartridge cases, tinkling to the ground, soon formed small but growing heaps round each man.
4	Omdurman Winston Churchill: And all the time out on the plain on the plain on the other side the bullets were shearing through flesh, smashing and splintering bone;blood spouted from terrible wounds; valiant men were struggling on through a hell of whistling metal, exploding shells and spurting dust--suffering, despairing, dying.
5	Karamozov Principle Karamazov Principle, the development of modern military technology, and the spread of empire. Principles of the Enlightenment: perfectibility of the of humanity by humanity, the idea of progress. Colonial novels: H.G. Wells, The Invisible Man, The Island of Dr. Moreau.
6	The Chickens Come Home to Roost Winston Churchill: Nothing like the battle of Omdurman will ever be seen again. It was the last link in the long chain of those spectacular conflicts whose vivid and majestic splendour has done so much to invest war with glamour. This kind of war was full of fascinating thrill. It was not like the Great War. Nobody expected to be killed…To the great mass of those who took part in the little wars of Britain in those vanished light-hearted days, this was only a sporting element in a splendid game. Video: The Battle of Verdun.
7	The Grim Statistics Largest Post-Napoleonic war between Prussia/Germany and France (1870-1871): 150,000 dead. Verdun: 1 million dead. Somme: Britain lost 420,000 soldiers, 60,000 on first day. USA: 116,000 (1 1/2 year). France: 1.6 million. Britain: 800,000. Germany: 1.8 million. Nearly 10 million overall.
8	Total War Why different than previous wars? Industrialization, military technological revolution. The will to use it. Gas, tanks, submarines, airplanes, machine guns. Imperialism: Capitalism as a world phenomenon: “The ‘natural frontiers’ of Standard Oil, the Deutsche Bank or the De Beers Diamond Corporation were at the ends of the universe, or rather at the limits of their capacity to expand” (Eric Hobsbawm, 1987, p. 318)
9	Total War Total War: Home front, mobilization of entire populations. Britain, 12.5% of men, Germany, 15.4%, France 12.5. WWII, 20%. Jane Austen. Napoleon won battle of Jena over Prussian army with no more than 1,500 rounds of artillery. WWI:France 200,000 shells a day.
10	Total War WWII: US army ordered: 519 million pairs of socks, 219 million pairs of pants. Germans ordered in 1943 4.4 million pairs of scissors, 6.2 million stamp pads. What kind of society could sustain that type of production and bureaucratic organization? Mayas. Military-Industrial complex.
11	Total War Managed economies by the state. German planned war economy inspiration for Soviet planned economy. Technology and production: Nuclear power, computers, aeronautics. Economy: 25% of pre-war capital assets lost in U.S.S.R., 13% in Germany, 8% in Italy, 7 % in France, 3% in Britain. Politics: Suffrage, Civil Rights, Labor Rights, Nationalism.
12	The Results US economy grew by 10% per annum. “The American Century.” Karamozov Principle. Dum Dum. Civilian Populations made targets. Nuclear assault on Japan. Culmination of centuries of cultural and technological development. Dehumanization of Europeans. Hitler’s Genocide. Armenian Genocide. Dix, Picasso, Freud.
13	The Results Refugees of WWI: 1.3 million Greeks repatriated to Greece from Turkey; 1.3 Turks to Turkey; 200,000 Bulgarians to Bulgaria; 2 million Russians out of Russia. 320,000 Armenians fleeing genocide.
14	The Results Refugees of WWII: 40 million uprooted in Europe. 13 million Germans out of Poland annexed by U.S.S.R. Decolonization of India (1947) 15 million between new border of India and Pakistan. Korean War: 5 million. Israel: 1.3 million Palestinans. 1.2 Jew to Israel, many refugees.
15	The Results Golden Age of Western Economy Western Political Economy stable War banished to Third World Third World shakes off formal imperialism Soviet Union Superpower International scene stabilized